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- Network Working Group M. Little
- Request for Comments: 1126 SAIC
- October 1989
-
-
- Goals and Functional Requirements for
- Inter-Autonomous System Routing
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This document describes the functional requirements for a routing
- protocol to be used between autonomous systems. This document is
- intended as a necessary precursor to the design of a new inter-
- autonomous system routing protocol and specifies requirements for the
- Internet applicable for use with the current DoD IP, the ISO IP, and
- future Internet Protocols. It is intended that these requirements
- will form the basis for the future development of a new inter-
- autonomous systems routing architecture and protocol. This document
- is being circulated to the IETF and Internet community for comment.
- Comments should be sent to: "open-rout-editor@bbn.com". This memo
- does not specify a standard. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- The development of an inter-autonomous systems routing protocol
- proceeds from those goals and functions seen as both desirable and
- obtainable for the Internet environment. This document describes
- these goals and functional requirements. The goals and functional
- requirements addressed by this document are intended to provide a
- context within which an inter-autonomous system routing architecture
- can be developed which will meet both current and future Internet
- routing needs. The goals presented indicate properties and general
- capabilities desired of the Internet routing environment and what the
- inter-autonomous system routing architecture is to accomplish as a
- whole.
-
- The goals are followed by functional requirements, which address
- either detailed objectives or specific functionality to be achieved
- by the architecture and resulting protocol(s). These functional
- requirements are enumerated for clarity and grouped so as to map
- directly to areas of architectural consideration. This is followed
- by a listing and description of general objectives, such as
- robustness, which are applicable in a broad sense. Specific
- functions which are not reasonably attainable or best left to future
- efforts are identified as non-requirements.
-
- The intent of this document is to provide both the goals and
- functional requirements in a concise fashion. Supporting arguments,
-
-
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- Little [Page 1]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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- tradeoff considerations and the like have been purposefully omitted
- in support of this. An appendix has been included which addresses
- this omission to a limited extent and the reader is directed there
- for a more detailed discussion of the issues involved.
-
- The goals and functional requirements contained in this document are
- the result of work done by the members of the Open Routing Working
- Group. It is our intention that these goals and requirements reflect
- not only those foreseen in the Internet community but are also
- similar to those encountered in environments proposed by ANSI, ECMA
- and ISO. It is expected that there will be some interaction and
- relationship between this work and the product of these groups.
-
- 2. Overall Goals
-
- In order to derive a set functional requirements there must be one or
- more principals or overall goals for the routing environment to
- satisfy. These high level goals provide the basis for each of the
- functional requirements we have derived and will guide the design
- philosophy for achieving an inter-autonomous system routing solution.
- The overall goals we are utilizing are described in the following
- sections.
-
- 2.1 Route to Destination
-
- The routing architecture will provide for the routing of datagrams
- from a single source to one or more destinations in a timely manner.
- The larger goal is to provide datagram delivery to an identifiable
- destination, one which is not necessarily immediately reachable by
- the source. In particular, routing is to address the needs of a
- single source requiring datagram delivery to one or more
- destinations. The concepts of multi-homed hosts and multicasting
- routing services are encompassed by this goal. Datagram delivery is
- to be provided to all interconnected systems when not otherwise
- constrained by autonomous considerations.
-
- 2.2 Routing is Assured
-
- Routing services are to be provided with assurance, where the
- inability to provide a service is communicated under best effort to
- the requester within an acceptable level of error. This assurance is
- not to be misconstrued to mean guaranteed datagram delivery nor does
- it imply error notification for every lost datagram. Instead,
- attempts to utilize network routing services when such service cannot
- be provided will result in requester notification within a reasonable
- period given persistent attempts.
-
-
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- Little [Page 2]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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-
- 2.3 Large System
-
- The design of the architecture, and the protocols within this
- architecture, should accommodate a large number of routing entities.
- The exact order of magnitude is a relative guess and the best designs
- would provide for a practical level of unbounded growth.
- Nevertheless, the routing architecture is expected to accommodate the
- growth of the Internet environment for the next 10 years.
-
- 2.4 Autonomous Operation
-
- The routing architecture is to allow for stable operation when
- significant portions of the internetworking environment are
- controlled by disjoint entities. The future Internet environment is
- envisioned as consisting of a large number of internetworking
- facilities owned and operated by a variety of funding sources and
- administrative concerns. Although cooperation between these
- facilities is necessary to provide interconnectivity, it is viewed
- that both the degree and type of cooperation will vary widely.
- Additionally, each of these internetworking facilities desires to
- operate as independently as possible from the concerns and activities
- of other facilities individually and the interconnection environment
- as a whole. Those resources used by (and available for) routing are
- to be allowed autonomous control by those administrative entities
- which own or operate them. Specifically, each controlling
- administration should be allowed to establish and maintain policies
- regarding the use of a given routing resource.
-
- 2.5 Distributed System
-
- The routing environment developed should not depend upon a data
- repository or topological entity which is either centralized or
- ubiquitous. The growth pattern of the Internet, coupled with the
- need for autonomous operation, dictates an independence from the
- topological and administrative centralization of both data and
- control flows. Past experience with a centralized topology has shown
- that it is both impractical for the needs of the community and
- restrictive of administrative freedoms. A distributed routing
- environment should not be restrictive of either redundancy or
- diversity. Any new routing environment must allow for arbitrary
- interconnection between internetworks.
-
- 2.6 Provide A Credible Environment
-
- The routing environment and services should be based upon mechanisms
- and information that exhibit both integrity and security. The
- routing mechanisms should operate in a sound and reliable fashion
- while the routing information base should provide credible data upon
-
-
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- Little [Page 3]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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-
- which to base routing decisions. The environment can be unreliable
- to the extent that the resulting effect on routing services is
- negligible. The architecture and protocol designs should be such
- that the routing environment is reasonably secure from unwanted
- modification or influence.
-
- 2.7 Be A Managed Entity
-
- Provide a manger insight into the operation of the inter-autonomous
- system routing environment to support resource management, problem
- solving, and fault isolation. Allow for management control of the
- routing system and collect useful information for the internetwork
- management environment. Datagram events as well as the content and
- distribution characteristics of relevant databases are of particular
- importance.
-
- 2.8 Minimize Required Resources
-
- Any feasible design should restrain the demand for resources required
- to provide inter-autonomous systems routing. Of particular interest
- are those resources required for data storage, transmission, and
- processing. The design must be practical in terms of today's
- technology. Specifically, do not assume significant upgrades to the
- existing level of technology in use today for data communication
- systems.
-
- 3. Functional Requirements
-
- The functional requirements we have identified have been derived from
- the overall goals and describe the critical features expected of
- inter-autonomous system routing. To an extent, these functions are
- vague in terms of detail. We do not, for instance, specify the
- quantity or types for quality-of-service parameters. This is
- purposeful, as the functional requirements specified here are
- intended to define the features required of the inter-autonomous
- system routing environment rather than the exact nature of this
- environment. The functional requirements identified have been
- loosely grouped according to areas of architectural impact.
-
- 3.1 Route Synthesis Requirements
-
- Route synthesis is that functional area concerned with both route
- selection and path determination (identification of a sequence of
- intermediate systems) from a source to a destination. The functional
- requirements identified here provide for path determination which is
- adaptive to topology changes, responsive to administrative policy,
- cognizant of quality-of-service concerns, and sensitive to an
- interconnected environment of autonomously managed systems.
-
-
-
- Little [Page 4]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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- a) Route around failures dynamically
-
- Route synthesis will provide a best effort attempt to detect
- failures in those routing resources which are currently being
- utilized. Upon detection of a failed resource, route synthesis
- will provide a best effort to utilize other available routing
- resources in an attempt to provide the necessary routing
- service.
-
- b) Provide loop free paths
-
- The path provided for a datagram, from source to destination,
- will be free of circuits or loops most of the time. At those
- times a circuit or loop exists, it occurs with both negligible
- probability and duration.
-
- c) Know when a path or destination is unavailable
-
- Route synthesis will be capable of determining when a path
- cannot be constructed to reach a known destination.
- Additionally, route synthesis will be capable of determining
- when a given destination cannot be determined because the
- requested destination is unknown (or this knowledge is
- unavailable).
-
- d) Provide paths sensitive to administrative policies
-
- Route synthesis will accommodate the resource utilization
- policies of those administrative entities which manage the
- resources identified by the resulting path. However, it is
- inconceivable to accommodate all policies which can be defined
- by a managing administrative entity. Specifically, policies
- dependent upon volatile events of great celerity or those which
- are non-deterministic in nature cannot be accommodated.
-
- e) Provide paths sensitive to user policies
-
- Paths produced by route synthesis must be sensitive to policies
- expressed by the user. These user policies are expressed in
- terms relevant to known characteristics of the topology. The
- path achieved will meet the requirements stated by the user
- policy.
-
- f) Provide paths which characterize user quality-of-service
- requirements
-
- The characteristics of the path provided should match those
- indicated by the quality-of-service requested. When
-
-
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- Little [Page 5]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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- appropriate, utilize only those resources which can support the
- desired quality-of-service (e.g., bandwidth).
-
- g) Provide autonomy between inter- and intra-autonomous system
- route synthesis
-
- The inter- and intra-autonomous system routing environments
- should operate independent of one another. The architecture
- and design should be such that route synthesis of either
- routing environment does not depend upon information from the
- other for successful functioning. Specifically, the inter-
- autonomous system route synthesis design should minimize the
- constraints on the intra-autonomous system route synthesis
- decisions when transiting (or delivering to) the autonomous
- system.
-
- 3.2 Forwarding Requirements
-
- The following requirements specifically address the functionality of
- the datagram forwarding process. The forwarding process transfers
- datagrams to intermediate or final destinations based upon datagram
- characteristics, environmental characteristics, and route synthesis
- decisions.
-
- a) Decouple inter- and intra-autonomous system forwarding
- decisions
-
- The requirement is to provide a degree of independence between
- the inter-autonomous system forwarding decision and the intra-
- autonomous system forwarding decision within the forwarding
- process. Though the forwarding decisions are to be independent
- of each other, the inter-autonomous system delivery process may
- necessarily be dependent upon intra-autonomous system route
- synthesis and forwarding.
-
- b) Do not forward datagrams deemed administratively inappropriate
-
- Forward datagrams according to the route synthesis decision if
- it does not conflict with known policy. Policy sensitive route
- synthesis will prevent normally routed datagrams from utilizing
- inappropriate resources. However, a datagram routed abnormally
- due to unknown events or actions can always occur and the only
- way to prohibit unwanted traffic from entering or leaving an
- autonomous system is to provide policy enforcement within the
- forwarding function.
-
-
-
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- Little [Page 6]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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-
- c) Do not forward datagrams to failed resources
-
- A datagram is not to be forwarded to a resource known to be
- unavailable, notably an intermediate system such as a gateway.
- This implies some ability to detect and react to resource
- failures.
-
- d) Forward datagram according to its characteristics
-
- The datagram forwarding function is to be sensitive to the
- characteristics of the datagram in order to execute the
- appropriate route synthesis decision. Characteristics to
- consider are the destination, quality-of-service, precedence,
- datagram (or user) policy, and security. Note that some
- characteristics, precedence for example, affect the forwarding
- service provided whereas others affect the path chosen.
-
- 3.3 Information Requirements
-
- This functional area addresses the general information requirements
- of the routing environment. This encompasses both the nature and
- disbursal of routing information. The characteristics of the routing
- information and its disbursal are given by the following functional
- requirements.
-
- a) Provide a distributed and descriptive information base
-
- The information base must not depend upon either centralization
- or exact replication. The content of the information base must
- be sufficient to support all provided routing functionality,
- specifically that of route synthesis and forwarding.
- Information of particular importance includes resource
- characteristics and resource utilization policies.
-
- b) Determine resource availability
-
- Provide a means of determining the availability of any utilized
- resource in a timely manner. The timeliness of this
- determination is dependent upon the routing service(s) to be
- supported.
-
- c) Restrain transmission utilization
-
- The dynamics of routing information flow should be such that a
- significant portion of transmission resources are not consumed.
- Routing information flow should adjust to the demands of the
- environment, the capacities of the distribution facilities
- utilized, and the desires of the resource manager.
-
-
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- Little [Page 7]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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- d) Allow limited information exchange
-
- Information distribution is to be sensitive to administrative
- policies. An administrative policy may affect the content or
- completeness of the information distributed. Additionally,
- administrative policy may determine the extent of information
- distributed.
-
- 3.4 Environmental Requirements
-
- The following items identify those requirements directly related to
- the nature of the environment within which routing is to occur.
-
- a) Support a packet-switching environment
-
- The routing environment should be capable of supporting
- datagram transfer within a packet-switched oriented networking
- environment.
-
- b) Accommodate a connection-less oriented user transport service
-
- The routing environment should be designed such that it
- accommodates the model for connection-less oriented user
- transport service.
-
- c) Accommodate 10K autonomous systems and 100K networks
-
- This requirement identifies the scale of the internetwork
- environment we view as appearing in the future. A routing
- design which does not accommodate this order of magnitude is
- viewed as being inappropriate.
-
- d) Allow for arbitrary interconnection of autonomous systems
-
- The routing environment should accommodate interconnectivity
- between autonomous systems which may occur in an arbitrary
- manner. It is recognized that a practical solution is likely
- to favor a given structure of interconnectivity for reasons of
- efficiency. However, a design which does not allow for and
- utilize interconnectivity of an arbitrary nature would not be
- considered a feasible design.
-
- 3.5 General Objectives
-
- The following are overall objectives to be achieved by the inter-
- autonomous routing architecture and its protocols.
-
- a) Provide routing services in a timely manner
-
-
-
- Little [Page 8]
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- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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-
- Those routing services provided, encapsulated by the
- requirements stated herein, are to be provided in a timely
- manner. The time scale for this provision must be reasonable
- to support those services provided by the internetwork
- environment as a whole.
-
- b) Minimize constraints on systems with limited resources
-
- Allow autonomous systems, or gateways, of limited resources to
- participate in the inter-autonomous system routing
- architecture. This limited participation is not necessarily
- without cost, either in terms of responsiveness, path
- optimization, or other factor(s).
-
- c) Minimize impact of dissimilarities between autonomous systems
-
- Attempt to achieve a design in which the dissimilarities
- between autonomous systems do not impinge upon the routing
- services provided to any autonomous system.
-
- d) Accommodate the addressing schemes and protocol mechanisms of
- the autonomous systems
-
- The routing environment should accommodate the addressing
- schemes and protocol mechanisms of autonomous systems, where
- these schemes and mechanisms may differ among autonomous
- systems.
-
- e) Must be implementable by network vendors
-
- This is to say that the algorithms and complexities of the
- design must be such that they can be understood outside of the
- research community and implementable by people other than the
- designers themselves. Any feasible design must be capable of
- being put into practice.
-
- 4. Non-Goals
-
- In view of the conflicting nature of many of the stated goals and the
- careful considerations and tradeoffs necessary to achieve a
- successful design, it is important to also identify those goals or
- functions which we are not attempting to achieve. The following
- items are not considered to be reasonable goals or functional
- requirements at this time and are best left to future efforts. These
- are non-goals, or non-requirements, within the context of the goals
- and requirements previously stated by this document as well as our
- interpretation of what can be practically achieved.
-
-
-
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- a) Ubiquity
-
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- 2 ticularly difficult to
- achieve stability in multi-vendor environments, in large internets,
- and in environments characterized by a large variation in network
- characteristics. For these reasons, we believe that it would be a
- mistake to attempt to achieve effective load-based routing in an
- Inter-AS Routing scheme.
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- A.6.5 Non-Interference Policies
-
- There are policies which are in effect, or desired to be in effect,
- which are based upon the concept of non-interference. These policies
- state that the utilization of a given resource is permissible by one
- party as long as that utilization does not disrupt the current or
- future utilization of another party. These policies are often of the
- kind "you may use the excess capacity of my link" without
- guaranteeing any capacity will be available. The expectation is to
- be able to utilize the link as needed, perhaps to the exclusion of
- the other party. The problem with supporting such a policy is the
- need to be cognizant of highly dynamic state information and the
- implicit requirement to adapt to these changes. Rapid, persistent,
- and non-deterministic state changes would lead to routing
- oscillations and looping. We do not believe it is feasible to
- support policies based on these considerations in a large
- internetworking environment based on the current design of IP.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not addressed in this memo.
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- Little [Page 24]
-
- RFC 1126 Inter-Autonomous System Routing October 1989
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- Author's Address
-
- Mike Little
- Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
- 8619 Westwood Center Drive
- Vienna, Virginia 22182
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- Phone: 703-734-9000
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- EMail: little@SAIC.COM
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- Little [Page 25]
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